Signs include loss of the power of movement, pain with acute tenderness over the site of fracture, swelling and bruising, deformity and possible shortening, unnatural mobility, and crepitus or grating heard when the ends of the bone rub together. In a fracture due to muscular contraction, the bone breaks from a sudden, violent contraction of the muscles. In a fracture due to indirect violence, the bone is fractured by a force applied at a distance from the site of fracture and transmitted to the fractured bone, as a fracture of the clavicle by a fall on an outstretched hand. In a pathological fracture, bones break, spontaneously and without trauma, due to certain diseases and conditions like cancer, osteomalacia, syphilis, and osteomyelitis, In a fracture due to direct violence, the bone breaks at the spot where the force was applied, as in fracture of a crushed tibia. See: illustration Causesįractures may be due to pathology, direct violence, indirect violence, or muscular contraction. See Avulsion fracture, Axial-load teardrop fracture, Basal skull fracture, Bennett fracture, Blow-out fracture, Boxer's fracture, Bucket handle fracture, Bumper fracture, Cavalry fracture, Chauffeur's fracture, Chip fracture, Chisel fracture, Clay shoveler's fracture, Closed fracture, Colles' fracture, Comminuted fracture, Complete fracture, Compound fracture, Compression fracture, Dashboard fracture, DeQuervain's fracture, Direct fracture, Dislocation fracture, Don Juan fracture, Double fracture, Dupuytren fracture, Essex-Lopresti fracture, Fatigue fracture, Greenstick fracture, Hangman's fracture, Hip fracture, Hairline fracture, Impacted fracture, Incomplete fracture, Insufficiency fracture, Jefferson fracture, Jones fracture, LeFort fracture, Linear fracture, Linear skull fracture, Maisonneuve ankle fracture, March fracture, Microfracture fracture, Monteggia fracture, Nightstick fracture, Nonunion fracture, Oblique fracture, Odontoid fracture, Open fracture, Open book fracture, Pathologic fracture, Piedmont fracture, Ping pong fracture, Ring fracture, Rolando fracture, Skull fracture, Stellate fracture, Stress fracture, Teardrop fracture, Telescoping fracture, Torus fracture, Tripod fracture, Wagon wheel fracture, Wagstaffe fracture, Wedge fracture.Ģ. fracture A breaking of bone or other hard tissue. The American Heritage® Medical Dictionary Copyright © 2007, 2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Once closed reduction is accomplished, the bone is immobilized by application of a cast or by an apparatus exerting traction on the distal end of the bone. A fracture may also require internal fixation with pins, nails, metal plates, or screws to stabilize the alignment. Open fractures are highly contaminated and must be débrided and copiously irrigated in the operating room. Closed reduction is performed by manual manipulation of the fractured bone so that the fragments are brought into proper alignment no surgical incision is made. Fractures heal with normal bone, not with scar tissue. Fracture healing is truly a process of regeneration. Later it will be treated by reduction, which means that the broken ends are pulled into alignment and the continuity of the bone is established so that healing can take place. Immediate first aid consists of splinting the bone with no attempt to reduce the fracture it should be splinted “as it lies,” which means supporting it in such a way that the injured part will remain steady and will resist jarring if the victim is moved. A torus is the convex portion of the upper part of the base of a Greek column and resembles the appearance of the cortical buckling seen in the "column" of bone which has been fractured in the pattern discussed in this article.Treatment. The term torus is the Latin word meaning protuberance. Sometimes a cast may be applied, but often a splint is all that is required with a period of rest and immobilization. They are self-limiting and typically do not require operative intervention, although a manipulation may be required if the angulation is severe. In some cases, angulation is the only diagnostic clue Subtle deformity or buckle of the cortex may be evident This most commonly occurs at the distal radius or tibia following a fall on an outstretched arm the force is transmitted from carpus to the distal radius and the point of least resistance fractures, usually the dorsal cortex of the distal radius. Cortical buckle fractures occur when there is axial loading of a long bone.
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